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    <title>UTas ePrints - Initial defence responses in sapwood of Eucalyptus nitens (Maiden) following wounding and fungal inoculation</title>
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<meta content="Initial defence responses in sapwood of Eucalyptus nitens (Maiden) following wounding and fungal inoculation" name="eprints.title" />
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<meta content="Injury ; Lesion ; Initial condition ; Inoculation ; Mycosis ; Defensive response ; Colonization ; Histopathology ; Infection modality ; Chemical modification ; Pathophysiology ; Water content ; Zone ; Sapwood ; Stem ; Xylem ; Antimicrobial agent ; Phenols ; Experimental study ; Moisture measurement ; Non invasive method ; Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging ; Eucalyptus nitens ; Ganoderma adspersum ; WOOD DECAY ; Infection ; Forestry ; Measurement method ; Physical method ; Mycology ; Host agent relation ; Basidiomycetes ; Fungi ; Thallophyta ; Myrtaceae ; Dicotyledones ; Angiospermae ; Spermatophyta ; Hardwood forest tree ; Wood destroying fungi ; Woody plant ; FOREST PATHOLOGY ; Eucalyptus nitens; tree; Ganoderma adspersum; antim" name="eprints.keywords" />
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<meta content="Xylem defence responses occurring in pot-grown Eucalyptus nitens(Maiden) saplings were analysed within the first few weeks following stem wounding and inoculation with the non-aggressive decay fungus Ganoderma adspersum(Schulz). The fungus colonized the dead xylem cells up to 5mm above and below the wound after 30 days. Evidence of xylem cell death and discolouration was detectable within 12h and vessel tyloses were present after 3 days. Concentration of tetra-galloylglucose increased by 3.5-fold within 24h, while the trend for total phenols was a slow increase reaching a maximum after 21 days. Suberin was not detected. Early accumulation of water content has been proposed as a defence component of host-pathogen interactions in woody angiosperm xylem, but this was not obvious for E. nitens. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR imaging or MRI) was used to measure small-scale distributions in moisture content around the inoculated stem wounds in intact E. nitens saplings. Some moisture accumulation was detectable at lesion margins of wounds analysed after 3 weeks. However, this was not detectable by gravimetric measurements. This increase in moisture content may be a consequence of wound physiology rather than an active defence response." name="eprints.abstract" />
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<meta content="1. F O Asiegbu, M Johansson, S Woodward and A Hüttermann, Biochemistry of the host–parasite interaction. In: S Woodward, J Stenlid, R Karjalainen and A Hüttermann, Editors, Heterobasidion Annosum: Biology, Ecology, Impact and Control, CAB International (1998).

2. Barry, K, M, Davies, N, W, Mohammed, C, L, Identification of hydrolysable tannins in the reaction zone of Eucalyptus nitens wood, by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Phytochemical Analysis

3. K M Barry, R B Pearce and C L Mohammed, Properties of reaction zones associated with decay from pruning wounds in plantation-grown Eucalyptus nitens. Forest Pathology 30 (2000), pp. 233–245. 

4. L Boddy and A DM Rayner, Origins of decay in living deciduous trees: the role of moisture content and a re-appraisal of the expanded concept of tree decay. New Phytologist 94 (1983), pp. 623–641. 

5. P Bonello and R B Pearce, Biochemical defence responses in primary roots of Scots pine in vitro with Cylindrocarpon destructans. Plant Pathology 42 (1993), pp. 203–211. 

6. J M Brown, G A Johnson and P J Kramer, In vivo magnetic resonance microscopy of changing water content in Pelargonium hortorum roots. Plant Physiology 82 (1986), pp. 1158–1160.

7. A Connelly, J AB Lohman, B C Loughman, H Quiquampoix and R G Ratcliffe, High resolution imaging of plant tissues by NMR. Journal of Experimental Botany 38 (1987), pp. 1713–1723.

8. M P Coutts, The formation of dry zones in the sapwood of conifers. II. The role of living cells in the release of water. European Journal of Forest Pathology 7 (1977), pp. 6–12. 
9. J A Field and G Lettinga, Toxicity of tannic compounds to microorganisms. In: R W Hemingway and P E Laks, Editors, Plant Polyphenols, Plenum Press, New York (1992).

10. G W Grime and R B Pearce, External beam analysis of living sycamore xylem infected by pathogenic fungi. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 104 (1995), pp. 299–305. Abstract 

11. G G Gross, Enzymes in the biosynthesis of hydrolysable tannins. In: R W Hemingway and P E Laks, Editors, Plant Polyphenols, Plenum Press, New York (1992), pp. 43–60.

12. A E Hagerman, K M Riedl, A Jones, K N Sovik, N T Ritchard, P W Hartzfeld and T L Riechel, High molecular weight plant polyphenolics (tannins) as biological antioxidants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46 (1998), pp. 1887–1892. 

13. R F Helm, L Zhentian, T Ranatunga, J Jervis and T Elder, Towards understanding monomeric ellagitannin biosynthesis. In: G Gross, R W Hemingway and T Yoshida, Editors, Plant Polyphenols 2: Chemistry and Biology, Plenum Press, New York (2000), pp. 83–99.

14. M Johansson and J Stenlid, Infection of roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) by Heterobasidion annosum I. Initial reactions in sapwood by wounding and infection. European Journal of Forest Pathology 15 (1985), pp. 32–45. 

15. H Kawamoto, K Mizutani and F Nakatsubo, Binding nature and denaturation of protein during interaction with galloylglucose. Phytochemistry 46 (1997), pp. 473–478. 

16. J AB Lohman and R G Ratcliffe, Prospects for NMR imaging in the study of biological morphogenesis. Experentia 44 (1988), pp. 666–672. 

17. D W Marquardt, An algorithm for least-square estimation of non linear parameters. Journal of Society and Industrial Applied Mathematics 11 (1963), pp. 431–441.  

18. S Meiboom and M Gill, Modified spin-echo method for measuring nuclear relaxation times. Review of Scientific Instruments 29 (1958), pp. 688–691. 19. I Mila, A Scalbert and D Expert, Iron withholding by plant pathogens and resistance to pathogens and rots. Phytochemistry 42 (1996), pp. 1551–1555. 
20. L Murmanis, Formation of tyloses in felled Quercus rubra L. Wood Science and Technology 9 (1975), pp. 3–14. 21. V Necesany, Kinetics of secondary changes in living xylem. I. Time dependent formation of tyloses and polyphenolic substances. II. Some biophysical aspects. Holzforschung 27 (1973), pp. 73–79.

22. R B Pearce, Occurrence of decay-associated xylem suberization in a range of woody species. European Journal of Forest Pathology 20 (1990), pp. 275–289. 
23. R B Pearce, Antimicrobial defences in the wood of living trees. New Phytologist 132 (1996), pp. 203–233. 

24. Pearce, R, B, 1998, An integrated model for antifungal defence in the functional xylem (sapwood) of Acer pseudoplatanus(Sycamore)

25. R B Pearce, Decay development and its restriction in trees. Journal of Arboriculture 26 (2000), pp. 1–11.

26. R B Pearce, B J Fisher, T A Carpenter and L D Hall, Water distribution in fungal lesions in the wood of sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus, determined gravimetrically and using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. New Phytologist 135 (1997), pp. 675–688. 
27. R B Pearce, S Sümer, S J Doran, T A Carpenter and L D Hall, Non-invasive imaging of fungal colonization and host response in the living sapwood of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) using nuclear magnetic resonance. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 45 (1994), pp. 359–384.  28. R B Pearce and S Woodward, Compartmentalization and reaction zone barriers at the margin of decayed sapwood in Acer saccharinum L. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 29 (1986), pp. 197–216.

29. A DM Rayner and L Boddy. Fungal Decomposition of Wood, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester (1988).

30. L Shain, Resistance of sapwood in stems of loblolly pine to infection by Fomes annosus. Phytopathology 57 (1967), pp. 1034–1045.

31. L Shain, The response of sapwood of Norway Spruce to infection by Fomes annosus. Phytopathology 61 (1971), pp. 301–307.

32. L Shain, Dynamic responses of differentiated sapwood to injury and infection. Phytopathology 69 (1979), pp. 1143–1147.

33. A L Shigo, Succession of organisms in discolouration and decay of wood. International Review of Forestry Research 2 (1967), pp. 237–299.

34. A L Shigo, Succession of microorganisms and patterns of discolouration and decay after wounding in red oak and white oak. Phytopathology 62 (1972), pp. 256–259.

35. W C Shortle and K T Smith, Decay column boundary layer formation in maple. Biodeterioration Research 3 (1990), pp. 377–389.

36. H Van As and T J Schaafssma, Non-invasive measurement of plant water flow by nuclear magnetic resonance. Biophysical Journal 45 (1984), pp. 469–472. 
37. T Yamada, Biochemistry of gymnosperm xylem responses to fungal invasion. In: R A Blanchette and A R Biggs, Editors, Defence Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1992), pp. 147–164.

38. M H Zimmerman. Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1983). 


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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Initial defence responses in sapwood of Eucalyptus nitens (Maiden) following wounding and fungal inoculation</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Barry, K.M.</span> and <span class="person_name">Pearce, R.B.</span> and <span class="person_name">Evans, S.D.</span> and <span class="person_name">Hall, L.D.</span> and <span class="person_name">Mohammed, C.L.</span> (2001) <xhtml:em>Initial defence responses in sapwood of Eucalyptus nitens (Maiden) following wounding and fungal inoculation.</xhtml:em> Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 58 (2). pp. 63-72.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2090/1/PMPP_KB_2001.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" border="0" class="ep_doc_icon" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2090/1/PMPP_KB_2001.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />539Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input value="2630" name="docid" accept-charset="utf-8" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.2000.0314">http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.2000.0314</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Xylem defence responses occurring in pot-grown Eucalyptus nitens(Maiden) saplings were analysed within the first few weeks following stem wounding and inoculation with the non-aggressive decay fungus Ganoderma adspersum(Schulz). The fungus colonized the dead xylem cells up to 5mm above and below the wound after 30 days. Evidence of xylem cell death and discolouration was detectable within 12h and vessel tyloses were present after 3 days. Concentration of tetra-galloylglucose increased by 3.5-fold within 24h, while the trend for total phenols was a slow increase reaching a maximum after 21 days. Suberin was not detected. Early accumulation of water content has been proposed as a defence component of host-pathogen interactions in woody angiosperm xylem, but this was not obvious for E. nitens. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR imaging or MRI) was used to measure small-scale distributions in moisture content around the inoculated stem wounds in intact E. nitens saplings. Some moisture accumulation was detectable at lesion margins of wounds analysed after 3 weeks. However, this was not detectable by gravimetric measurements. This increase in moisture content may be a consequence of wound physiology rather than an active defence response.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" border="0" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Definitive version is available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Injury ; Lesion ; Initial condition ; Inoculation ; Mycosis ; Defensive response ; Colonization ; Histopathology ; Infection modality ; Chemical modification ; Pathophysiology ; Water content ; Zone ; Sapwood ; Stem ; Xylem ; Antimicrobial agent ; Phenols ; Experimental study ; Moisture measurement ; Non invasive method ; Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging ; Eucalyptus nitens ; Ganoderma adspersum ; WOOD DECAY ; Infection ; Forestry ; Measurement method ; Physical method ; Mycology ; Host agent relation ; Basidiomycetes ; Fungi ; Thallophyta ; Myrtaceae ; Dicotyledones ; Angiospermae ; Spermatophyta ; Hardwood forest tree ; Wood destroying fungi ; Woody plant ; FOREST PATHOLOGY ; Eucalyptus nitens; tree; Ganoderma adspersum; antim</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/300603.html">300000 Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences &gt; 300600 Forestry Sciences &gt; 300603 Pests, Health and Diseases</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270403.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270400 Botany &gt; 270403 Plant Pathology</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2090</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Karen Barry</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">11 Oct 2007 15:43</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">11 Feb 2008 11:31</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2090;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2090">item control page</a></p>
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